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The Use of a Jet Column with Different Nozzles as a Reactor for Biodiesel Reaction with Crude Palm Oil as Feedstock Image
Conference paper

The Use of a Jet Column with Different Nozzles as a Reactor for Biodiesel Reaction with Crude Palm Oil as Feedstock

Biodiesel may be produced by trans-esterification reaction of vegetable oil, which transforms triglycerides into alkyl esters as biodiesel and glycerol as a byproduct, in the presence of an alcohol reactant and a acid or base catalyst. The major obstacle of preventing biodiesel commercialisation is low mass transfer rates from methanol into oil phase to achieve high yield due to large difference in fluid viscosities, i.e. low viscosity methanol and high viscosity oil. Many techniques have been proposed to overcome this obstacle, most of which involve high mole ratio of methanol to triglycerides exceeding 6, but none of them utilised fluid mechanic techniques to fix up the obstacle. The present research adopts a finding in fluid mechanic field that notched and tabbed nozzles are capable of intensifying shear stress between 2 different flows, which consequently increases the contact areas of the flows considerably. For this purpose, in the present research, a jet column was utilised as a reactor where the mixture of reactants, i.e. crude palm oil (CPO) and methanol with catalyst NaOH were recirculated and injected downward vertically into the reactor column from a nozzle at the top of reactor. The type of nozzles and the mole ratio of methanol to CPO were varied (3.75:1; 4.5:1; 5.25:1 and 6:1) to investigate their effects on yield and conversion of the reaction conducted for 60 minutes at temperatures 53-58oC. Nozzles used were notched, tabbed and conventional circular nozzles for comparison. The highest conversion and yield of biodiesel were achieved at mole ratio 6:1 attaining respectively 87.2% and 96.8% using notched nozzle, 87.8% and 96.6% using tabbed nozzle and 71.2% and 75.1 % using circular nozzle for comparison. Therefore, using notched and tabbed nozzles can reduce the excess of methanol reactant thus saving its separation cost while producing high yield of biodiesel.
Effect of Electrolytes and Microbial Culture Toward Electricity Generation Utilizing Tempe Wastewater in Microbial Fuel Cell Image
Conference paper

Effect of Electrolytes and Microbial Culture Toward Electricity Generation Utilizing Tempe Wastewater in Microbial Fuel Cell

Demand for electricity has become a crucial requirement of Indonesian society. Resources, which generate electrical energy such as fossil fuel, is predicted to run out within the next dozen years. Microbial Fuel Cell is a development of the latest technology that uses microbes to break down a substrate. This activity will cause potential difference and generate electricity. Microbes which generate electricity could be derived from pure culture and mixed culture. In this study, mixed culture of tempe wastewater microbes is used by adding electrolytes variation which are ammonium chloride-potassium chloride, potassium permanganate, and potassium persulfate in a single chamber reactor. The optimum voltage and power density are 62,09 mV and 3,01 mW/m2 when using potassium persulfate. Result of this research are compared to others research which using pure culture of L.bulgaricus by adding electrolytes variation which are potassium ferrycianide and potassium permanganate. In additional, utilization of potassium permanganat in mixed culture of tempe wastewater microbes and pure culture of L.bulgaricus are also compared to each other. The optimum voltage and power density of those comparison are 457 mV and 167,7 mW/m2 when using potassium permanganat in pure culture of L.bulgaricus.
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Characerization of Geochemical Waste Rock on Indicate and Mitigation Acid Mine Drainage at Coal Mining Bukit Asam Image
Conference paper

Characerization of Geochemical Waste Rock on Indicate and Mitigation Acid Mine Drainage at Coal Mining Bukit Asam

Acid mine drainage (AMD is a term generally used to describe infiltration of acid surface water in the mining areas. The study of the processs for formation acidmine drainage can be approached by two methods, the static and kinetic test. In the static test, that formed acidare determined by total sulphur content with an assumption that all sulphur contented in the stones are oxidized. While in the kinetic test, the acid are determined from is reaction stoichiometrically by using total both ion Fe2+ and H+, solved in the water as data in calculation. Kinetis test methods can be applicated with leached column test. Kinetic analysis of the test results on 5 samples of coal mine waste rock, it can be said that each of the rock samples as potentially acid forming rock it can be stated from the results of the analysis on pH value, content of Fe metal, ion sulfate and TSS of leachate obtained.
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